Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Essay Example for Free

Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Essay Previously we showed that CO2 could be used to extract organic molecules from ionic liquids without contamination of the ionic liquid. Consequently a number of other groups demonstrated that ionic liquid/CO2 biphasic systems could be used for homogeneously catalyzed reactions. Large differences in the solubility of various gases in ionic liquids present the possibility of using them for gas separations. More recently we and others have shown that the presence of CO2 increases the solubility of other gases that are poorly soluble in the ionic liquid phase. Therefore, a knowledge and understanding of the phase behavior of these ionic liquid/ CO2 systems is important. With the aim of finding ionic liquids that improve CO2 solubility and gaining more information to help us understand how to design CO2-philic ionic liquids, we present the low- and high-pressure measurements of CO2 solubility in a range of ionic liquids possessing structures likely to increase the solubility of CO2. We examined the CO2 solubility in a number of ionic liquids with systematic increases in fluorination. We also studied nonfluorinated ionic liquids that have structural features known to improve CO2 solubility in other compounds such as polymers, for example, carbonyl groups and long alkyl chains with branching or ether linkages. Results show that ionic liquids containing increased fluoroalkyl chains on either the cation or anion do improve CO2 solubility when compared to less fluorinated ionic liquids previously studied. It was also found that it was possible to obtain similar, high levels of CO2 solubility in nonfluorous ionic liquids. In agreement with our previous results, we found that the anion frequently plays a key role in determining CO2 solubility in ionic liquids. Introduction The phase behavior of CO2 with ionic liquids (ILs) is important for the development of several potential IL applications. Since we first showed that CO2 was soluble in ILs and could be used to extract organic solutes,1-3 IL/CO2 systems have been demonstrated for various catalytic reactions.4-17 In some cases, CO2 is used to extract the product from the IL, leaving behind the catalyst and the IL for reuse. Others have adopted IL/CO2 continuous flow systems, where CO2 is used to deliver the substrates to the IL/catalyst phase and extract the products. Recently we also confirmed that CO2 could increase the solubility of gases normally not very soluble on their own in ILs.18 We found that the solubility of CH4 and O2 increased in ILs even at low partial pressures of CO2. Others studying the enantioselective hydrogenation of imines using a cationic iridium catalyst in an IL/CO2 biphasic system found that the catalyst performance was increased dramatically in the IL when CO2pressure was added.19 High-pressure NMR showed that the addition of CO2 increased the amount of H2 dissolved in the IL. The authors believed that the catalyst, which was known to be sensitive to H2 availability, could operate more effectively due to an increase in H2 concentration in the IL along with a decrease in viscosity of the IL with added CO2. Another * Corresponding author. Telephone: (574) 631-5847. Fax: (574) 6318366. E-mail: [emailprotected] †  Current address: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K. E-mail: [emailprotected] †¡ Current address: Intermediates RD, Invista S.a.r.l, Sabine River Laboratory B568, P. O. Box 1003, Orange, TX 77631-1003. potential application of ILs that several research groups along with our group have examined is the separation of CO2 from gas mixtures.20-22 To design and optimize processes using ILs, it is essential that we understand the important factors that determine CO2 solubility. It is possible to design many potential ILs; therefore, the systematic study of different cation/anion combinations will allow us to decipher the key properties in making CO2-philic ILs. To date we have studied the solubility of CO2 in a range ofcommonly used ILs.2,23-29 We found that there were a number of factors that controlled the CO2 solubility in the chosen ILs, both cation and anion related.26 Of the ionic liquids studied, the anion played the biggest role in CO2 solubility, a fact that was supported by a recent X-ray diffraction study by Kanakubo et al.30 Anions that contain fluoroalkyl groups were found to have some of the highest CO2 solubilities, and as the quantity of fluoroalkyl groups increased, the CO2 solubility also increased. The previous studies showed CO2 solubility for 1-butyl3-methylimidazolium ([bmim]+) based ILs at 60  °C increased in the order nitrate ([NO3]-) tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]-) dicyanamide ([DCA]-) ? hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]-) ? trifluoromethanesulfonate ([TfO]-) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([Tf2N]-) tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ([methide]-). For the cations, there were two factors thatinfluenced the CO2 solub ility. The biggest effect was seen in increasing alkyl chain length on the cation. For a given cation, the CO2 solubility increased with increasing chain length, and these results are consistent with those reported elsewhere.31-35

Leaders Are Being Influenced Dominantly By Either Confidence Or Competence :: Free Essays

Leaders Are Being Influenced Dominantly By Either Confidence Or Competence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before a person can take any action to lead their followers, they must be able to recognize approximately where their followers are in the developmental cycle. To do this, he or she must watch closely the actions of his or her followers and determine to what degree their actions are being influenced dominantly by either confidence or competence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the leader knows the point of confidence vs. competence in his or her followers, he or she will know which factor to build on. When the leader feels they have successfully motivated their followers to be both very confident and competent, and that the followers are ready and have the responsibility to lead themselves to their goal, then they know that at that point, the followers are ready to accept some leadership themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the followers are ready for some leadership of their own, the next problem at hand becomes how to go about empowering them with the leadership responsibilities. Needless to say, the leader cannot simply step away and allow the responsibility to dump onto the followers; surely if that happened, they would quickly lose confidence and possibly competence too. Instead, the leadership and responsibility of the followers should be increased gradually as they are steadily empowered, and at a rate that depends on how well the newly gained leadership is handled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At all times though, the leader must be prepared to guide or even realign the direction the newly independent followers take. The leader must also realize the risk of failure in the complete empowerment of his or her followers, as starting over completely is hardly possible. Were that to occur, the subject would near definitely experience a severe loss of confidence as a major consequence to a premature empowerment situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And lastly, if a leader is completely successful in empowering his or

Critical skills assignment Essay

Centuries ago, there lived a couple who never ran out of stories to tell to the whole village. The only time these pair of talkative shut their mouths was during their bedtime. The moment their eyes opened and saw the bright morning sunshine greeting them â€Å"a blessed morning,† the husband and his wife would start a loud and scandalous day. It was their pastime to lounge around the plaza to catch the afternoon breeze while continuously exchanging quips, ideas, and sweet nothings. One day, the husband challenged his wife to a duel to determine who the best storyteller is. The townsmen gathered in a humid and breezy late afternoon to watch the first narrative match to happen. People from different corners cheered and bet who would win. While the King was starting to fall asleep, he overheard the noise in the town. He thought that it was a massive revolution against his monarchy. He grabbed his blood thirsty sword and rode a horse. Meanwhile, the match was about to begin. Each contender was given three minutes to do their best. Husband started to narrate of the lies, gossips and rebellions he knew happening around. So engrossed in storytelling, husband disregarded the timer’s bell. Wife felt very upset and angry to his husband that she started narrating her piece to the crowd also. They were so enthusiastic to narrate both factual and fictitious stories that the couple did not notice the King was fast approaching. The King heard of the subversive topic spreading around the audiences. He commanded his horse to leap and reach the sky while the King took out his sword and slain the couple. In addition to protect his empire, he ordered his subjects to cease their learning process and writing skills. The King concluded that learning and writing will make stories easier to convey, therefore planning against his rule is more possible. Posters flooded every corner of the town saying: Big Bad Storyteller Monsters Die! 32773168_Critical skills assignment 2 He was afraid to be kicked out of his throne in the near future so he planned to make the people dumb. Days passed by and everyone in the village seemed to be mute. No one uttered a word, not even a whisper to his neighbor. Even the King was dumbfounded of what he experienced: no one talked to him as well. Letters were extinct, books were charred, street signs were erased, labels were torn out—the town is dead. Sorrow rose from the ground and crept through every villager’s vein. Every minute the law was implemented, the village was smashed next to nothing. It died a natural death. Stories fuel the world to rotate and to revolve around the universe. It is in every corner of our creative minds and minimal territory. The interconnected flow of ideas in conjunction with different mental images will be found everywhere. A simple dialog over the telephone is a story. The chaotic Saturday night in New York is another story. Your baby sister crying over a piece of candy is an additional story. People have always a series of ideas in their head of what they want to do, who they wanted to see, what made them happy, etc. Stories can be personal tales and life experiences of a person, printed literary narratives, folk stories and myths, religious, spiritual and supernatural phenomena.

The Venetian Society in Othello by William Shakespeare

Othello by William Shakespeare raises the issue of how rampant beliefs and attitudes in a society can cause a person to question their sense of self. In a society where racial equality is near non-existent, Othello, a black skinned foreigner in the Venetian society, is constantly reminded of his status as an outsider. Othello, however, is not depicted in a stereotypical manner and despite occupying a highly respected position he is often confronted with blatant racism throughout the play. The prevailing attitudes and beliefs of Venetian society towards Othello are exploited by Iago in order to manipulate Othello’s self confidence and emotional state. The fear of interracial marriage in Venetian society is used by Iago in an attempt to alienate Othello. Othello himself acknowledges the fact that interracial marriage is frowned upon and that racism still applies to him despite his position. A common attitude in Venetian society is that black men and women are inhuman and animali stic in nature; Iago capitalizes on this idea in order to aid his plan of antagonizing Othello. Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, is a prime example of the attitude of Venetian society as a whole, in the sense that he â€Å"loved† Othello as long as he remained a servant of Venice and would rather Othello not intermingle amongst the Venetian society. Initially Brabantio â€Å"oft invited [Othello]† to his home and â€Å"queston’d [him] the story of [his] life†, showing an admiration and sincere interest for Othello’sShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding wisdom and entertainment through their literature since the first known published work. However, for many centuries the writer has also been seen to have a diagnostic function, scrutinizing the ills of their society and portraying them for the world to see. 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