Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Essay Example for Free

Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Essay Previously we showed that CO2 could be used to extract organic molecules from ionic liquids without contamination of the ionic liquid. Consequently a number of other groups demonstrated that ionic liquid/CO2 biphasic systems could be used for homogeneously catalyzed reactions. Large differences in the solubility of various gases in ionic liquids present the possibility of using them for gas separations. More recently we and others have shown that the presence of CO2 increases the solubility of other gases that are poorly soluble in the ionic liquid phase. Therefore, a knowledge and understanding of the phase behavior of these ionic liquid/ CO2 systems is important. With the aim of finding ionic liquids that improve CO2 solubility and gaining more information to help us understand how to design CO2-philic ionic liquids, we present the low- and high-pressure measurements of CO2 solubility in a range of ionic liquids possessing structures likely to increase the solubility of CO2. We examined the CO2 solubility in a number of ionic liquids with systematic increases in fluorination. We also studied nonfluorinated ionic liquids that have structural features known to improve CO2 solubility in other compounds such as polymers, for example, carbonyl groups and long alkyl chains with branching or ether linkages. Results show that ionic liquids containing increased fluoroalkyl chains on either the cation or anion do improve CO2 solubility when compared to less fluorinated ionic liquids previously studied. It was also found that it was possible to obtain similar, high levels of CO2 solubility in nonfluorous ionic liquids. In agreement with our previous results, we found that the anion frequently plays a key role in determining CO2 solubility in ionic liquids. Introduction The phase behavior of CO2 with ionic liquids (ILs) is important for the development of several potential IL applications. Since we first showed that CO2 was soluble in ILs and could be used to extract organic solutes,1-3 IL/CO2 systems have been demonstrated for various catalytic reactions.4-17 In some cases, CO2 is used to extract the product from the IL, leaving behind the catalyst and the IL for reuse. Others have adopted IL/CO2 continuous flow systems, where CO2 is used to deliver the substrates to the IL/catalyst phase and extract the products. Recently we also confirmed that CO2 could increase the solubility of gases normally not very soluble on their own in ILs.18 We found that the solubility of CH4 and O2 increased in ILs even at low partial pressures of CO2. Others studying the enantioselective hydrogenation of imines using a cationic iridium catalyst in an IL/CO2 biphasic system found that the catalyst performance was increased dramatically in the IL when CO2pressure was added.19 High-pressure NMR showed that the addition of CO2 increased the amount of H2 dissolved in the IL. The authors believed that the catalyst, which was known to be sensitive to H2 availability, could operate more effectively due to an increase in H2 concentration in the IL along with a decrease in viscosity of the IL with added CO2. Another * Corresponding author. Telephone: (574) 631-5847. Fax: (574) 6318366. E-mail: [emailprotected] †  Current address: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K. E-mail: [emailprotected] †¡ Current address: Intermediates RD, Invista S.a.r.l, Sabine River Laboratory B568, P. O. Box 1003, Orange, TX 77631-1003. potential application of ILs that several research groups along with our group have examined is the separation of CO2 from gas mixtures.20-22 To design and optimize processes using ILs, it is essential that we understand the important factors that determine CO2 solubility. It is possible to design many potential ILs; therefore, the systematic study of different cation/anion combinations will allow us to decipher the key properties in making CO2-philic ILs. To date we have studied the solubility of CO2 in a range ofcommonly used ILs.2,23-29 We found that there were a number of factors that controlled the CO2 solubility in the chosen ILs, both cation and anion related.26 Of the ionic liquids studied, the anion played the biggest role in CO2 solubility, a fact that was supported by a recent X-ray diffraction study by Kanakubo et al.30 Anions that contain fluoroalkyl groups were found to have some of the highest CO2 solubilities, and as the quantity of fluoroalkyl groups increased, the CO2 solubility also increased. The previous studies showed CO2 solubility for 1-butyl3-methylimidazolium ([bmim]+) based ILs at 60  °C increased in the order nitrate ([NO3]-) tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]-) dicyanamide ([DCA]-) ? hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]-) ? trifluoromethanesulfonate ([TfO]-) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([Tf2N]-) tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ([methide]-). For the cations, there were two factors thatinfluenced the CO2 solub ility. The biggest effect was seen in increasing alkyl chain length on the cation. For a given cation, the CO2 solubility increased with increasing chain length, and these results are consistent with those reported elsewhere.31-35

Leaders Are Being Influenced Dominantly By Either Confidence Or Competence :: Free Essays

Leaders Are Being Influenced Dominantly By Either Confidence Or Competence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before a person can take any action to lead their followers, they must be able to recognize approximately where their followers are in the developmental cycle. To do this, he or she must watch closely the actions of his or her followers and determine to what degree their actions are being influenced dominantly by either confidence or competence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the leader knows the point of confidence vs. competence in his or her followers, he or she will know which factor to build on. When the leader feels they have successfully motivated their followers to be both very confident and competent, and that the followers are ready and have the responsibility to lead themselves to their goal, then they know that at that point, the followers are ready to accept some leadership themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once the followers are ready for some leadership of their own, the next problem at hand becomes how to go about empowering them with the leadership responsibilities. Needless to say, the leader cannot simply step away and allow the responsibility to dump onto the followers; surely if that happened, they would quickly lose confidence and possibly competence too. Instead, the leadership and responsibility of the followers should be increased gradually as they are steadily empowered, and at a rate that depends on how well the newly gained leadership is handled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At all times though, the leader must be prepared to guide or even realign the direction the newly independent followers take. The leader must also realize the risk of failure in the complete empowerment of his or her followers, as starting over completely is hardly possible. Were that to occur, the subject would near definitely experience a severe loss of confidence as a major consequence to a premature empowerment situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And lastly, if a leader is completely successful in empowering his or

Critical skills assignment Essay

Centuries ago, there lived a couple who never ran out of stories to tell to the whole village. The only time these pair of talkative shut their mouths was during their bedtime. The moment their eyes opened and saw the bright morning sunshine greeting them â€Å"a blessed morning,† the husband and his wife would start a loud and scandalous day. It was their pastime to lounge around the plaza to catch the afternoon breeze while continuously exchanging quips, ideas, and sweet nothings. One day, the husband challenged his wife to a duel to determine who the best storyteller is. The townsmen gathered in a humid and breezy late afternoon to watch the first narrative match to happen. People from different corners cheered and bet who would win. While the King was starting to fall asleep, he overheard the noise in the town. He thought that it was a massive revolution against his monarchy. He grabbed his blood thirsty sword and rode a horse. Meanwhile, the match was about to begin. Each contender was given three minutes to do their best. Husband started to narrate of the lies, gossips and rebellions he knew happening around. So engrossed in storytelling, husband disregarded the timer’s bell. Wife felt very upset and angry to his husband that she started narrating her piece to the crowd also. They were so enthusiastic to narrate both factual and fictitious stories that the couple did not notice the King was fast approaching. The King heard of the subversive topic spreading around the audiences. He commanded his horse to leap and reach the sky while the King took out his sword and slain the couple. In addition to protect his empire, he ordered his subjects to cease their learning process and writing skills. The King concluded that learning and writing will make stories easier to convey, therefore planning against his rule is more possible. Posters flooded every corner of the town saying: Big Bad Storyteller Monsters Die! 32773168_Critical skills assignment 2 He was afraid to be kicked out of his throne in the near future so he planned to make the people dumb. Days passed by and everyone in the village seemed to be mute. No one uttered a word, not even a whisper to his neighbor. Even the King was dumbfounded of what he experienced: no one talked to him as well. Letters were extinct, books were charred, street signs were erased, labels were torn out—the town is dead. Sorrow rose from the ground and crept through every villager’s vein. Every minute the law was implemented, the village was smashed next to nothing. It died a natural death. Stories fuel the world to rotate and to revolve around the universe. It is in every corner of our creative minds and minimal territory. The interconnected flow of ideas in conjunction with different mental images will be found everywhere. A simple dialog over the telephone is a story. The chaotic Saturday night in New York is another story. Your baby sister crying over a piece of candy is an additional story. People have always a series of ideas in their head of what they want to do, who they wanted to see, what made them happy, etc. Stories can be personal tales and life experiences of a person, printed literary narratives, folk stories and myths, religious, spiritual and supernatural phenomena.

The Venetian Society in Othello by William Shakespeare

Othello by William Shakespeare raises the issue of how rampant beliefs and attitudes in a society can cause a person to question their sense of self. In a society where racial equality is near non-existent, Othello, a black skinned foreigner in the Venetian society, is constantly reminded of his status as an outsider. Othello, however, is not depicted in a stereotypical manner and despite occupying a highly respected position he is often confronted with blatant racism throughout the play. The prevailing attitudes and beliefs of Venetian society towards Othello are exploited by Iago in order to manipulate Othello’s self confidence and emotional state. The fear of interracial marriage in Venetian society is used by Iago in an attempt to alienate Othello. Othello himself acknowledges the fact that interracial marriage is frowned upon and that racism still applies to him despite his position. A common attitude in Venetian society is that black men and women are inhuman and animali stic in nature; Iago capitalizes on this idea in order to aid his plan of antagonizing Othello. Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, is a prime example of the attitude of Venetian society as a whole, in the sense that he â€Å"loved† Othello as long as he remained a servant of Venice and would rather Othello not intermingle amongst the Venetian society. Initially Brabantio â€Å"oft invited [Othello]† to his home and â€Å"queston’d [him] the story of [his] life†, showing an admiration and sincere interest for Othello’sShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding wisdom and entertainment through their literature since the first known published work. However, for many centuries the writer has also been seen to have a diagnostic function, scrutinizing the ills of their society and portraying them for the world to see. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, was an English playwright, poet and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s most distinguished dramatist. His surviving works, including some collaborationsRead MoreRace in Shakespeare1559 Words   |  7 PagesEngland being no exception. William Shakespeare applies the issue of race in many of his plays; such in the tragedy of Othello that captures the reality of society in Elizabethan England, showing common racial bias of that era. Through his characters in the play, Shakespeare illustrates Elizabethan social ideology towards race, in which foreigners have adapted to a lifestyle of racial prejudice. In order to better understand the racial context behind the tragedy of Othello it is important to keep inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1323 Words   |  6 Pagesown demise. 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Othello is a tragic hero with a tragic flaw in one of Shakespeare’s most known tragedies. Shakespeare so prominently exhibits the tragic flaw Othello obtains, allowing implications and thoughts, to overrun reality and show how just the insecurityRead MoreOthello : William Shakespeare s Othello2542 Words   |  11 Pages3 March 2015 Othello Introduction Shakespeare is the second most quoted writer in the English language – after the various writers of the Bible. Many of Shakespeare’s ideas for the play Othello came from a collection of tales written by Giraldi Cinthio. In Othello the character of Iago acts as the prominent main character throughout the play, even though he plays the role of the antagonist to the other central characters in the comedy Iago is the tragic hero. Shakespeare’s Othello was not justRead MoreOthello Tragic Flaw1643 Words   |  7 Pages220.03 20 October 2017 It Is Othello’s Own Faults In Shakespeare’s Othello, Othello is a highly acclaimed general and because of his many achievements he has transcended stereotypes projected upon Moors in Venetian society. Desdemona and the nature of her affair, although it is false, is considered to be the root cause of Othello’s downfall and violent demise. Othello feels anxious about the racist nature engrained in Venetian society and eventually projects this manner upon his identity. The differencesRead MoreOthello Vs. Omkara975 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Eusteen-Em Kayle F. Barte January 20, 2014 Eng10 Michaela Atienza Omkara, Bollywood’s Othello When someone mentions Bollywood, the mind quickly thinks of a film where the plot is based on love triangles and romance which often ends happily ever after. This thought is accompanied with characters singing and dancing in authentic traditional costumes, like the sari (a costume for women), in an attempt to highlight a situation or mood more. Watching Bollywood is like watching recorded cultural

Health Problem Of Public Health Care - 902 Words

Health problems in the developing countries like India take on enormous proportions because of lack health education and preventive medicine. Growing up in India surrounded by poor sanitation, lack of hygiene and clean drinking water and scarcity of primary health services, I began to realize the necessity of public health care. Furthermore it saddens to think that in South Asia there is much superstition and age old practices that resist the spread of modern medicine. It perplexes me that even as we live in information age, there is a huge gap in the knowledge and understanding of basic health preventive measures in the rural areas of developing countries in Africa and Asia. I am concerned about health literacy, and also aspire to serve the society in a bigger way in India where the needs of public health is immense and daunting. From a young age, I had a great respect for the contribution of health care professionals and they serve as a role model for me. As I started working as a physical therapist, I felt special satisfaction in helping people improve the quality of their health. My own perspective about the pressing issue in public health is the lack of preventive medicine and health literacy. I have unique ability to explain the difficult language of medical conditions in a simple and lucid manner so that an average person can easily understand. As a therapist, I realized that the most of my patient were unaware of their condition, and providing them with basicShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Of Keny A Public Health Problem Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care in Kenya Tropical diseases, especially malaria and tuberculosis, have long been a public health problem in Kenya. In recent years, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), also has become a severe problem. Estimates of the incidence of infection differ widely. 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An Analysis Of Wuthering Heights - 1688 Words

The role of women in the world of literature has typically taken a back seat to that of men. However, the women in the stories of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and Medea by Euripides don’t easily compromise to the bidding of their male counterparts. In both stories, before any female took the initiative to go against a male individual, women were oppressed, influenced, and culturally subjected by the actions of the male populace. There is a clear and distinct mistreatment of women in the two texts, however it serves to better improve their advancement as it is in their backlash and resistance towards male disposition that causes them to become culturally revolutionary and significant. Although a handful of characters primarily†¦show more content†¦After experiencing a good amount of torment at the hands of Heathcliff, Isabella decides to flee to London where she raises their child, Linton, for about a decade. In doing this Isabella prevents, or rather prolongs, an y harm Heathcliff could do to the child. Moreover, prior to Isabella running away with Heathcliff, Catherine warns her about his questionable morality to which Isabella denies and claims, â€Å"I love him more than ever you loved Edgar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (102). Here, Isabella is essentially defending herself and not letting Catherine coerce her, which conveys a headstrong and uncompromising attitude about her character. In addition, when hearing Heathcliff, a physically imposing and menacing figure, belittle her brother Isabella retorts and criticizes him saying, â€Å" Catherine and Edgar are as fond of each other as any two people can be! No one has a right to talk in that manner, and I won’t have my brother depreciated in silence!† (148). This quote basically displays the amount of courage that Isabella has. Heathcliff could have easily punished her for speaking out against him, which she was most likely aware of. Yet she disregards this notion and says her piece regar dless of any possible disciplinary measures that could have followed. In performing all of these actions, Isabella displays a â€Å"beat to your own drum† mentality and a great sense of independence, rebelliousness, courage, and charity. She seems to

Development Of Emotional Or Psycholgical Problems In Children Free Essays

Psychologists, for a long time, have always faced the problem of how various emotional and psychological factors surface and developing human beings. In order to solve this problem, these psychologists have traced the various ailments and causes backwards towards childhood times. As a result, modern psychology, biology, and therapists have looked towards childhood markers which eventually dictate psychological and emotional well-being of children. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Of Emotional Or Psycholgical Problems In Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the problem remains that tracking emotional and psychological problems that eventually surface in adults could and even in early childhood could not essentially be associated only to a single factor, but rather many other variables. In fact, recent research has continuously found many root causes and markers for predicting emotional and psychological problems in adults and especially in children. One such cause and root for emotional and psychological problems could be related to biology and genetics. As researchers have discovered, various genetic markers may be able to associate themselves with the root causes of abnormal emotional and psychological behavior. In fact, the role that genetics plays in emotion study and psychology has goes so far as to develop a whole new discipline of biological psychology which focuses on genetic factors that eventually result in the disabling or magnification of neural factors. Specifically in children, these genetic factors may affect psychology through language, pathology, learning and memory, cognition, and even over all consciousness. For example, although a society found in children has been traditionally associated environmental experiences and causes, psychologists have for a long time wondered why some kinds of anxiety disorders found in children come up so early as that social factors and cultural norms could not have played an essential role in its development. Towards this research, psychologists have discovered that there are genetic markers that could be passed from parent to offspring that directly result in nonnormal anxiety behavior. Also directly to the study of genetics is the association of other biological factors which contribution to emotional and psychological states of children. Genetics, by definition, has to do with the genes of an individual. However, imbalances in organs and biological factors and functions within the human body have also caused such psychological problems to surface in children. For example, occurrences of cerebral palsy in children — an abnormal biological condition that significantly affects emotional and psychological well-being of adults and children alike — could be associated to biological functions and biological causes. However, this research and field of connecting biological relationship to a motion and psychology of children is still in the research stage of scientific development is more and more psychologists are connecting their disciplines in euro signs. Mostly, at least, these biologists and psychologists have associated emotional and psychological issues of children to euro and brain activity which only reflects that our emotions and psychological state — even as children — could not only be associated to the environment. However, among all these disciplines, instructions, and research, a large part of the development of emotional and psychological problems in children could be associated to the environment. In fact, statistically, bringing together the research of emotional and psychological problems in children, environmental factors pose the most significant statistical and relevant cause for such behavior. Listing them all down and discussing them would fill volumes and volumes of work and relevant research has been made that connects recent environmental and social concerns that have not even been traditionally associated with emotional or psychological effects to children. For example, just one area of child psychology focuses on the family environment and how it significantly affects and causes many of the problems that surfaced early in childhood that contribution greatly to emotional or psychological health. Also, another childhood years, your pressure and social consciousness — specifically in the academic setting and age groups — has been a constant focus of child psychology research because of the significant effects that are contributed by such social pressure and social environment to the way children think and react especially to given situations. The development of emotional and psychological problems in children, therefore, could either be individual factors in genetics, biology, or environmental factors, work could also be in fact a mix of these three interrelated causal variables. Recent psychological research, again focusing on child psychology, or integrating these three disciplines through the use of open sharing of academic information, to understand the development of emotional or psychological problems in children and they said the research is well underway in the identification of still new variables and factors to problems with regard to child mental health. 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